The Bay Of Pigs Essay Example For Students

The Bay Of Pigs Essay The Bay of Pigs Invasion. The story of the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs is one ofmismanagement, overconfidence, and lack of security. The blame for thefailure of the operation falls directly in the lap of the CentralIntelligence Agency and a young president and his advisors. The fall outfrom the invasion caused a rise in tension between the two greatsuperpowers and ironically 34 years after the event, the person that theinvasion meant to topple, Fidel Castro, is still in power. To understandthe origins of the invasion and its ramifications for the future it isfirst necessary to look at the invasion and its origins. We will write a custom essay on The Bay Of Pigs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Part I: The Invasion and its Origins. The Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961, started a few days before onApril 15th with the bombing of Cuba by what appeared to be defecting Cubanair force pilots. At 6 a.m. in the morning of that Saturday, three Cubanmilitary bases were bombed by B-26 bombers. The airfields at Camp Libertad,San Antonio de los Baos and Antonio Maceo airport at Santiago de Cuba werefired upon. Seven people were killed at Libertad and forty-seven peoplewere killed at other sites on the island. Two of the B-26s left Cuba and flew to Miami, apparently to defect tothe United States. The Cuban Revolutionary Council, the government in exile,in New York City released a statement saying that the bombings in Cuba were. . . carried out by Cubans inside Cuba who were in contact with thetop command of the Revolutionary Council . . . . The New York Timesreporter covering the story alluded to something being wrong with the wholesituation when he wondered how the council knew the pilots were coming ifthe pilots had only decided to leave Cuba on Thursday after . . . asuspected betrayal by a fellow pilot had precipitated a plot to strike . . . . Whatever the case, the planes came down in Miami later that morning, onelanded at Key West Naval Air Station at 7:00 a.m. and the other at MiamiInternational Airport at 8:20 a.m. Both planes were badly damaged and theirtanks were nearly empty. On the front page of The New York Times the nextday, a picture of one of the B-26s was shown along with a picture of one ofthe pilots cloaked in a baseball hat and hiding behind dark sunglasses, hisname was withheld. A sense of conspiracy was even at this early stagebeginning to envelope the events of that week. In the early hours of April 17th the assault on the Bay of Pigs began. In the true cloak and dagger spirit of a movie, the assault began at 2 a.m. with a team of frogmen going ashore with orders to set up landing lights toindicate to the main assault force the precise location of their objectives,as well as to clear the area of anything that may impede the main landingteams when they arrived. At 2:30 a.m. and at 3:00 a.m. two battalions cameashore at Playa Girn and one battalion at Playa Larga beaches. The troopsat Playa Girn had orders to move west, northwest, up the coast and meetwith the troops at Playa Larga in the middle of the bay. A small group ofmen were then to be sent north to the town of Jaguey Grande to secure it aswell. When looking at a modern map of Cuba it is obvious that the troopswould have problems in the area that was chosen for them to land at. Thearea around the Bay of Pigs is a swampy marsh land area which would be hardon the troops. The Cuban forces were quick to react and Castro ordered hisT-33 trainer jets, two Sea Furies, and two B-26s into the air to stop theinvading forces. Off the coast was the command and control ship and anothervessel carrying supplies for the invading forces. The Cuban air force madequick work of the supply ships, sinking the command vessel the Marsopa andthe supply ship the Houston, blasting them to pieces with five-inch rockets. In the end the 5th battalion was lost, which was on the Houston, as well asthe supplies for the landing teams and eight other smaller vessels. Withsome of the invading forces ships destroyed, and no command and controlship, the logistics of the operation soon broke down as the other supplyships were kept at bay by Castos air force. As with many failed militaryadventures, one of the problems with this one was with supplying the troops. In the air, Castro had easily won superiority over the invading force. His fast moving T-33s, although unimpressive by todays standards, madeshort work of the slow moving B-26s of the invading force. On Tuesday, twowere shot out of the sky and by Wednesday the invaders had lost 10 of their12 aircraft. With air power firmly in control of Castros forces, the endwas near for the invading army. Over the 72 hours the invading force of about 1500 men were pounded bythe Cubans. Casto fired 122mm. Howitzers, 22mm. cannon, and tank fire atthem. By Wednesday the invaders were pushed back to their landing zone atPlaya Girn. Surrounded by Castros forces some began to surrender whileothers fled into the hills. In total 114 men were killed in the slaughterwhile thirty-six died as prisoners in Cuban cells. Others were to live outtwenty years or more in those cells as men plotting to topple thegovernment of Castro. The 1500 men of the invading force never had a chance for success fromalmost the first days in the planning stage of the operation. OperationPluto, as it came to be known as, has its origins in the last dying days ofthe Eisenhower administration and that murky time period during thetransition of power to the newly elected president John F. Kennedy. The origins of American policy in Latin America in the late 1950s andearly 1960s has its origins in Americans economic interests and itsanticommunist policies in the region. The same man who had helped formulateAmerican containment policy towards the Soviet threat, George Kennan, in1950 spoke to US Chiefs of Mission in Rio de Janeiro about Latin America. He said that American policy had several purposes in the region,. . . to protect the vital supplies of raw materialswhich Latin American countries export to the USA; toprevent the military exploitation of Latin America bythe enemy The Soviet Union; and to avert thepsychological mobilization of Latin America against us.. . . . By the 1950s trade with Latin America accounted for a quarter ofAmerican exports, and 80 per cent of the investment in Latin America wasalso American. The Americans had a vested interest in the region that itwould remain pro-American. .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2 , .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2 .postImageUrl , .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2 , .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2:hover , .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2:visited , .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2:active { border:0!important; } .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2:active , .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2 .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf4d3a1f3230f3370215185e02ab7bed2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Pursuit Of Happiness And The Inner Resources EssayThe Guatemalan adventure can be seen as another of the factors thatlead the American government to believe that it could handle Casto. Beforethe Second World War ended, a coup in Guatemala saw the rise to power ofJuan Jose Ar,valo. He was not a communist in the traditional sense of theterm, but he . . . packed his government with Communist Party members andCommunist sympathizers. In 1951 Jacobo Arbenz succeeded Ar,valo after anelection in March of that year. The party had been progressing with aseries of reforms, and the newly elected leader continued with thesereforms. During land reforms a major American company, the United FruitCompany, lost its land and other holdings without any compensation from theGuatemalan government. When the Guatemalans refused to go to theInternational Court of Law, United Fruit began to lobby the government ofthe United States to take action. In the government they had some verypowerful supporters. Among them were Foster Dulles, Secretary of State whohad once been their lawyer, his brother Allen the Director of CentralIntelligence who was a share holder, and Robert Cutler head of the NationalSecurity Council. In what was a clear conflict of interest, the securityapparatus of the United States decided to take action against theGuatemalans. From May 1st, 1954, to June 18th, the Central Intelligence Agency dideverything in its power to overthrow the government of Arbenz. On June 17thto the 18th, it peaked with an invasion of 450 men lead by a Colonel CarlosCastillo Armas. With the help of air support the men took control of thecountry and Arbenz fled to the Mexican Embassy. By June 27th, the countrywas firmly in control of the invading force. With its success in Guatemala,CIA had the confidence that it could now take on anyone who interfered withAmerican interests. In late 1958 Castro was still fighting a guerilla war against thecorrupt regime of Fulgencio Batista. Before he came to power, there was anincident between his troops and some vacationing American troops from thenearby American naval base at Guantanamo Bay. During the incident some USMarines were held captive by Castos forces but were later released after aransom was secretly paid. This episode soured relations with the UnitedStates and the chief of U.S. Naval Operations, Admiral Burke, wanted tosend in the Marines to destroy Castros forces then but Secretary of StateFoster Dulles disagreed with the measures suggested and stopped the plan. Castro overthrew Batista in 1959. Originally Castro was not acommunist either and even had meetings with then Vice-President RichardNixon. Fearful of Castros revolution, people with money, like doctors,lawyers, and the mafia, left Cuba for the United States. To prevent theloss of more capital Castros solution was to nationalize some of thebusinesses in Cuba. In the process of nationalizing some business he cameinto conflict with American interests just as Arbenz had in Guatemala. . . . legitimate U.S. Businesses were taken over, and the process ofsocialization begun with little if any talk of compensation. There werealso rumours of Cuban involvement in trying to invade Panama, Guatemala,and the Dominican Republic and by this time Castro had been turn down bythe United States for any economic aid. Being rejected by the Americans, hemet with foreign minister Anasta Mikoyan to secure a $100 million loan fromthe Soviet Union. It was in this atmosphere that the American Intelligenceand Foreign Relations communities decided that Castro was leaning towardscommunism and had to be dealt with. In the spring of 1960, President Eisenhower approved a plan to sendsmall groups of American trained, Cuban exiles, to work in the undergroundas guerrillas to overthrow Castro. By the fall, the plan was changed to afull invasion with air support by exile Cubans in American supplied planes. The original group was to be trained in Panama, but with the growth of theoperation and the quickening pace of events in Cuba, it was decided to movethings to a base in Guatemala. The plan was becoming rushed and this wouldstart to show, the man in charge of the operation, CIA Deputy DirectorBissell said that,. . . There didnt seem to be time to keep to theoriginal plan and have a large group trained by thisinitial cadre of young Cubans. So the larger group wasformed and established at La finca, in Guatemala, andthere the training was conducted entirely by Americans . . . . It was now fall and a new president had been elected. PresidentKennedy could have stopped the invasion if he wanted to, but he probablydidnt do so for several reasons. Firstly, he had campaigned for some formof action against Cuba and it was also the height of the cold war, to backout now would mean having groups of Cuban exiles travelling around theglobe saying how the Americans had backed down on the Cuba issue. Incompetition with the Soviet Union, backing out would make the Americanslook like wimps on the international scene, and for domestic consumptionthe new president would be seen as backing away from one of his campaignpromises. The second reason Kennedy probably didnt abort the operation isthe main reason why the operation failed, problems with the CIA. Part II: Failure and Ramifications. The failure at the CIA led to Kennedy making poor decisions whichwould affect future relations with Cuba and the Soviet Union. The failureat CIA had three causes. First the wrong people were handling the operation,secondly the agency in charge of the operation was also the one providingall the intelligence for the operation, and thirdly for an organizationsupposedly obsessed with security the operation had security problems. In charge of the operation was the Director of Central Intelligence,Allan Dulles and main responsibility for the operation was left to one ofhis deputies, Richard Bissell. In an intelligence community geared mainlyfor European operations against the USSR, both men were lacking inexperience in Latin American affairs. Those in charge of Operation Pluto,based this new operation on the success of the Guatemalan adventure, butthe situation in Cuba was much different than that in Guatemala. InGuatemala the situation was still chaotic and Arbenz never had the samecontrol over the country that Castro had on Cuba. The CIA had the UnitedStates Ambassador, John Puerifoy, working on the inside of Guatemalacoordinating the effort, in Cuba they had none of this while Castro wasbeing supplied by the Soviet block. In addition, after the overthrow of thegovernment in Guatemala, Castro was aware that this may happen to him aswell and probably had his guard up waiting for anything that my indicatethat an invasion was imminent. .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a , .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a .postImageUrl , .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a , .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a:hover , .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a:visited , .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a:active { border:0!important; } .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a:active , .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u54f6d78521a071c272aa5254f3fcee3a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES MILITAR EssayThe second problem was the nature of the bureaucracy itself. The CIAwas a new kid on the block and still felt that it had to prove itself, itsaw its opportunity in Cuba. Obsessed with secrecy, it kept the number ofpeople involved to a minimum. The intelligence wing of CIA was kept out ofit, their Board of National Estimates could have provided information onthe situation in Cuba and the chances for an uprising against Castro oncethe invasion started. Also kept out of the loop were the State Departmentand the Joint Chiefs of Staff who could have provided help on the militaryside of the adventure. In the end, the CIA ke pt all the information foritself and passed on to the president only what it thought he should see. Lucien S. Vandenbroucke, in Political Science Quarterly of 1984, based hisanalysis of the Bay of Pigs failure on organizational behaviour theory. Hesays that the CIA . . . supplied President Kennedy and his advisers withchosen reports on the unreliability of Castros forces and the extent ofCuban dissent. Of the CIAs behaviour he concludes that,. . . By resorting to the typical organization strategyof defining the options and providing the informationrequired to evaluate them, the CIA thus structured theproblem in a way that maximized the likelihood thepresident would choose the agencys preferred option . . . . The CIA made sure the deck was stacked in their favour when the time cameto decide whether a project they sponsored was sound or not. PresidentKennedys Secretary of State at the time was Dean Rusk, in hisautobiography he says that,. . . The CIA told us all sorts of things about thesituation in Cuba and what would happen once the brigadegot ashore. President Kennedy received information whichsimply was not correct. For example, we were told thatelements of the Cuban armed forces would defect and jointhe brigade, that there would be popular uprisingsthroughout Cuba when the brigade hit the beach, and thatif the exile force got into trouble, its members wouldsimply melt into the countryside and become guerrillas,just as Castro had done . . . . As for senior White House aides, most of them disagreed with the planas well, but Rusk says that Kennedy went with what the CIA had to say. Asfor himself, he said that he . . . did not serve President Kennedy verywell . . . and that he should have voiced his opposition louder. Heconcluded that . . . I should have made my opposition clear in themeetings themselves because he Kennedy was under pressure from those whowanted to proceed. When faced with biased information from the CIA andquiet advisors, it is no wonder that the president decided to go ahead withthe operation. For an organization that deals with security issues, the CIAs lack ofsecurity in the Bay of Pigs operation is ironic. Security began to breakdown before the invasion when The New York Times reporter Tad Szulc . . . learned of Operation Pluto from Cuban friends. . . earlier that year whilein Costa Rica covering an Organization of American States meeting. Anotherbreakdown in security was at the training base in Florida,. . . Local residents near Homestead air force base hadseen Cubans drilling and heard their loudspeakers at afarm. As a joke some firecrackers were thrown into thecompound . . . . The ensuing incident saw the Cubans firing their guns and the federalauthorities having to convince the local authorities not to press charges. Operation Pluto was beginning to get blown wide open, the advantage ofsurprise was lost even this early in the game. After the initial bombing raid of April 15th, and the landing of theB-26s in Florida, pictures of the planes were taken and published innewspapers. In the photo of one of the planes, the nose of it is opaquewhereas the model of the B-26 the Cubans really used had a plexiglass nose,. . . The CIA had taken the pains to disguise the B-26with FAR markings Cuban Air Force, the agencyoverlooked a crucial detail that was spotted immediatelyby professional observers . . . . All Castros people had to do was read the newspapers and theyd know thatsomething was going to happen, that those planes that had bombed them werenot their own but American. In The New York Times of the 21st of April, stories about the originsof the operation in the Eisenhower administration appeared along withheadlines of C.I.A. Had a Role In Exiles Plans revealing the CIAsinvolvement. By the 22nd, the story is fully known with headlines in TheNew York Times stating that CIA is Accused by Bitter Rebels and on thesecond page of that days issue is a full article on the details of theoperation from its beginnings. The conclusion one can draw from the articles in The New York Times isthat if reporters knew the whole story by the 22nd, it can be expected thatCastros intelligence service and that of the Soviet Union knew about theplanned invasion as well. Tad Szulcs report in the April 22nd edition ofThe New York Times says it all,. . . As has been an open secret in Florida and CentralAmerica for months, the C.I.A. planned, coordinated anddirected the operations that ended in defeat on abeachhead in southern Cuba Wednesday . . . . It is clear then that part of the failure of the operation was causedby a lack of security and attention to detail on the part of the CentralIntelligence Agency, and misinformation given to the president. On the international scene, the Bay of Pigs invasion lead directly toincreased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Duringthe invasion messages were exchanged between Kennedy and Khrushchevregarding the events in Cuba. Khrushchev accused the Americans of beinginvolved in the invasion and stated in one of his messages that a,. . . so-called small war can produce a chain reactionin all parts of the world . . . we shall render the Cubanpeople and their Government all necessary assistance inbeating back the armed attack on Cuba . . . . Kennedy replied giving American views on democracy and the containment ofcommunism, he also warned against Soviet involvement in Cuba saying toKhrushchev,. . . In the event of any military intervention byoutside force we will immediately honor our obligationsunder the inter-American system to protect thishemisphere against external aggression . . . . Even though this crisis passed, it set the stage for the next majorcrisis over Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba and probably lead to theSoviets increasing their military support for Castro. In The Bay Of Pigs Essay Example For Students The Bay Of Pigs Essay Louisa May Alcott was born on November 29, 1832, in Germantown, Pennsylvania. When she was almost 2 years old, Louisas family moved to Massachusetts, the state where she lived the bulk of her life. The family moved many times over the years, usually back and forth between Boston and Concord (Mass. ). Some notable places Louisa lived were Fruitlands in Harvard, Massachusetts; Hillside in Concord; and Orchard House, also in Concord. Fruitlands was the site of her fathers attempt at Utopian living, which she wrote about in Transcendental Wild Oats, thirty years later in 1873. Louisas childhood at Hillside (later renamed Wayside by Nathaniel Hawthorne, when he lived there) served as the basis for the action in her most popular novel, Little Women, which she wrote as an adult living in Orchard House. We will write a custom essay on The Bay Of Pigs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Interestingly, these latter two houses were located next door to each other, with a walking path through the woods between. They are both still standing and open for tours in Concord.She was a versatile writer who started at an early age. At the encouragement of her father, she kept a diary as a childwhich probably helped her to discover her love and talent for writing and surely provided ideas later for her various plots and characters. As a teenager, Louisa wrote several plays, poems, and short stories. She achieved publication for the first time at age nineteen, with a poem entitled Sunlight (1851), which she wrote under the pseudonym, Flora Fairfield. The title of Ms. Alcotts first published short story was The Rival Painters: A Tale of Rome (1852), and her first published book was Flower Fables (1854), a collection of short fairy-tale stories and poems which she had originally created to entertain Ralph Waldo Emersons daughter Ellen. Louisa May Alcott wrote her first novel, The Inheritance, at age seventeen, but it went unpublished for nearly 150 years until 1997, after two researchers (Joel Myerson and Daniel Shealy) stumbled across the handwritten manuscript in the Houghton Library at Harvard University . Of course, Ms. Alcott is best known for a different novel, Little Women, which she wrote in two parts. The first volume, subtitled Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy, was published in 1868, and the second volume, alternately titled Good Wives, was published in 1869. Like Jo in Little Women, Louisa also wrote many blood and thunder tales, which were published in popular periodicals of the day. She did not openly claim authorship for many of these Gothic thriller stories, however: for some, she used the pseudonym, A. M. Barnard; for others, she chose to remain completely anonymous. Her career was not restricted to writing. Beginning in her late teens, she worked as a teacher for several years and off-and-on as a seamstress. In December of 1862, at age 30, she traveled to Washington, DC, to serve as a Civil War nurse at the Union Hotel Hospital in Georgetown. The following year, she re-wrote her letters detailing that experience, to form Hospital Sketches, which was published first serially and then as a book . And, in the winter of 1867/68, Ms. Alcott became the editor of Merrys Museum, a childrens magazine . Louisa Alcott also was an avid social reformer. Abolition, temperance, and educational reform were among her chosen causes. But being a feminist at heart, she especially fought for womens rights, including suffrage. In fact, she was the first woman to register to vote in Concord . Unlike Jo in her Little Women, Louisa May Alcott never married. She died at age 55 on March 6, 1888, (two days after her father) and is buried on Authors Ridge in Concords Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, with her family. .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0 , .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0 .postImageUrl , .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0 , .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0:hover , .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0:visited , .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0:active { border:0!important; } .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0:active , .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0 .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5df8f114464906ed7738542fa96990a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: On The Road Vs The Bell Jar Essay Nearby are the graves of her friends and mentors Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau.

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A Heartfelt Wedding Speech by the Father of the Groom

The wedding speech from the groom 's father' s heart has a slight humor at the beginning and the end of the speech, but this is the feeling that is special. At the end of the presentation, the bride and groom was touched and received a proposal to drink a toast in the form of poetry. Dear guest, this happy couple is a respected guardian. I first got married to my mother's mother in 1958 when I got a speech at the wedding ceremony. Oh, I am in love. I remember clearly that courtship gave me a wonderful feeling. In the rehearsal dinner, the groom 's father (or the person hosting the dinner) usually talks to other people who want to raise glasses but not happen to the wedding ceremony. Due to the small number of participants, these presentations may be longer and more complicated than the wedding day speech. After introducing ourselves to say hello, we welcome everyone and tell you how exciting about your wedding. Please talk about sweet, cheerful and funny stories about couples and wed ding ceremonies. For example, it gives the impression that the bride and groom will meet for the first time, talks about how the couple encountered or engaged, and shares memories of childhood. End the couple's sentimental and heartfelt emotions and mentions, and I hope the couple is good Last weekend, I attended cousin Ken's wedding. At the rehearsal dinner, the groom 's mother made a wonderful and sincere speech about his son' s sensitivity and sentimentality. Finally, she gave her a well - preserved stuffed animal - his hairpin - as a child. Of course, the reaction of everyone is how beautiful she is in the last few years. And she? Looking at me, laughing and saying, I know, I know, but I am not stuck! Now I know that my cousin is not stuck. I have been to countless times at her house. However, regardless of whether I know them or not, it is for the first time that individuals are eager to become aware of the necessity to protect their affection and are enthusiastic about adherin g to valuable souvenirs. The first conversation with prospective customers starts with these five words. Most people are surprised to learn that my house is full of deceased parents' photos, goods, travel souvenirs and souvenirs.

Political Science Discussion Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Political Science Discussion - Article Example Moreover, the article highlights on the diplomacy role of Obama administration in addressing the situation. The spat in public by Mr. Kerry is seen as affecting negotiations that have been there between United States and Russia in resolving the crisis in Syria (Gordon, Sanger and Schmitt 1). Moreover, the article addresses the reluctance of Obama administration in engaging directly in the political situation, in the country. The inaction is seen as the administration pulled back the threat of cruise missile strike (Gordon, Sanger and Schmitt 1). The only move the administration has taken is trying to provide support to opposition forces and handling of humanitarian crisis. In addition, the article talks of some meeting of different countries intelligence chiefs. The meeting came with a plan to provide rebels with most sophisticated weapon as a solution to Syria civil war (Gordon, Sanger and Schmitt 1). The idea was out of realization that diplomatic attempts of addressing the crisis has failed. The article helps in highlighting the challenges and failures in addressing the situation, in Syria (Gordon, Sanger and Schmitt 1). Moreover, it helps in showing response by leading players in the world politics on situation. It has also helped in showing why diplomacy has failed. However, in my opinion, the situation in the country can only be addressed in the warring parties are disarmed instead of arming both sides. Gordon, Michael, Sanger, David and Schmitt, Eric. â€Å"Middle East.† Nytimes.com. Web 20 February 2014.

Hurracaines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hurracaines - Essay Example A picture from the satellite gives a clear view of hurricanes. All hurricanes have an eye at the center which is surrounded by bands of clouds. Winds in the eye are almost calm and are less than a hundred mile across. Tall and big clouds circling the eye known as eye wall, contains the storm’s strongest winds. Hurricane size is categorized by the radial extent of gale-force winds (32 – 54 mph). Depending on the wind strength one can be able to calculate the size of the hurricane by use of gale- force criteria. Using the gale – force criteria, the winds of 35 mph of average Atlantic hurricane has a radius of 150 miles or equivalent diameter of 300 miles. On average, the width of hurricane’s cloud shield is around 500 miles, but it can vary (Fitzpatrick 7). Hurricane does not form instantaneously but is formed by a number of processes (Leatherman and Minneapolis 11). Warm and humid air from the ocean fuels a hurricane. Solar radiation warms large areas of tropical ocean to 80 F (27 c) or hotter. Due to this rise in temperature ocean water evaporates making the air in a thousand feet above the ocean extremely humid. Warm humid air above the ocean are said to be a good source of energy that causes hurricanes. Warm humid air then starts to condense into cloud droplets releasing heat picked up when it evaporated. In most cases, this heat provides the energy for thunderstorms. Once the necessary conditions are in place clouds and thunderstorms forms in line and start increasing (Fitzpatrick 19). Since the air warmed by heat released by condensation rises, air flows in to replace it. This rotation causes the wind to curve. Condensation keeps on releasing more and more heat, which in turn causes the air to rise faster, and the wind blowing in to the storm to speed up. Once the hurricane forms it is able to travel several miles across the ocean with fast and trailing strength. Hurricanes take place in the tropical regions of

Oli Analysis for Disney Into China Essay Example for Free

Oli Analysis for Disney Into China Essay Under the  Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the signatory states are required to provide copyright protection for a minimum term of the life of the author plus fifty years, but they are permitted to provide for a longer term of protection. (The  United States  did not become a Berne signatory until 1988, but had previously provided for the minimum copyright term the convention required in the  Copyright Act of 1976. ) The Walt Disney Company created numerous classical animation images which all enjoy copyrights. In other words, Ownership advantage relating to the possession and exploitation of monopoly power,which undoubtedly created an entry barrier. B)resourceamp;capability Pixar Animation Studiosa subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, is an American  computer animation  film studio  based in California. The studio is best known for its  CGI(Computer Graphics Interface)-animated feature films. Pixar has produced  thirteen feature films, beginning with  Toy Story  (1995). It was followed by  A Bugs Life  (1998),  Toy Story 2(1999),  Monsters. Inc. 2001),  FindingNemo  (2003),  The Incredibles  (2004),  Cars(2006),  Ratatouille  (2007),  WALL-E(2008),  Up  (2009),  Toy Story 3  (2010),  Cars 2  (2011), and  Brave (2012). Twelve of the films have received both critical and financial success. The sudio has earned 27  Academy Award,seven  Golden Globe Awards, and eleven  Grammy Awards,among many  other awards and acknowledgments. In o ther words,ownership advantage relating to the possession of scarce,unique and sustainable resources and capabilities, which helped Disney to attain market power and cost advantage. One of the major risks of joint ventures is the probability of a partner stealing the other’s capabilities in order to later compete on its own. Nonetheless, Disney’s resources and capabilities are so rare and inimitable that this risk should not be reason enough for considering other options. In other words, technology risk is almost non-existent for Disney, since other companies might copy the rides, but they will never be able to copy the Disney experience, which is attributed to its resource;amp; capability. 2,The human resource is another key ownership advantage of Disney. ecruiting the right and instilling in them Disney culture an essential part of building a unified workforce. â€Å"we hire for attitude, not aptitude. † Disney recruits, selects, and trains everyone who works with the company in the same way—whether cast members or third-party employees. Disney uses its unique corporate culture to unite all workers in a common goal: to help the gues t. Competencies of managers Disney cast members aren’t just hired for a job; they play a role in the â€Å"show. † Every aspect of the casting (hiring) process is a presentation of the Disney culture. In essence, Disney begins the training process even before a new cast member is hired. For example,the whimsy of the casting building is designed to ease the minds of anxious applicants, while communicating the rich Disney heritage. Early in the process, candidates can view a film depicting what it is like to work at Disney. The film also communicates conditions of employment. After viewing it, a small percentage of candidates self-select out of the process. This is a good thing, since those candidates might not be â€Å"right fit† for the culture—and Disney might not be right-fit for them. This process not only saves time and money, but it leaves the applicants feeling good about themselves and Disney company. During the interview process, casting professionals will base the hiring decision on work experience, personality and educational background. By the time they go through their interview, candidates will have a basic picture of the Disney’s culture and expectations. Disney shows their employees how their efforts affect the overall resident experience—even if they don’t interact with residents directly. When the staff sees the big picture, they also see how vital their roles are in the business. Teaching employees how they fit into Disney’s overall operation and demonstrating how their role contributes to Disney facility’s overarching goal breeds unity and solidifies the corporate culture. At Walt Disney World ® Resort alone, there are over 2,000 job classifications, but everyone understands the goal and operates on the same page. Disney trains every cast member in the same way, no matter what job, and goes to great lengths to ensure that cast members understand the company’s heritage and purpose. This helps them feel connected to the company, and to their jobs. Disney has a Center for Excellence which is geared to help cast members succeed in their role of delivering exceptional quality service. In addition, Centers for Excellence serve as local learning sites that offer a variety of technical, job skill, and interpersonal training courses which cast members can take online free of charge. The end result is a team of cast members that is equally skilled and guest-focused. Training is reinforced through ongoing efforts, such as mentoring, continuing education, and leadership training, contributing greatly to a culture of excellence. Location advantage As global as possible,as local as necessary. First,In the case of Disney, it is a horizontal FDI, thus it may be profitable for Disney to be close to their consumers. The reasons are as follows: – the existence of trade barriers in the form of tariff quotas, transport costs etc. – on-site provision of the services is an inherent part of the Disney’ business (e. g. recreation facilities) Second, production costs is lower in Hong Kong, the reasons are as follows: – lower wages in developing countries(In Hong Kong Disneyland case, there is cheap labor force flow from Eastern coastal provinces) – better infrastructure and close ties to external input suppliers from mainland China. Third, demand related variables (market potential) China has the world’s largest population and one of the fastest growing economies, which makes it an extremely attractive market for Disney. Disney’s animated characters are popular throughout the country; Mickey Mouse Magazine is the number one children’s magazine in China. According to the statistic in Chinese government, The population under 15 years old child is around 221,640,000 in 2011, which means there is a large market potential in China. (In 2005, it’s a major milestone in their approach to China, with the successful grand opening of Hong Kong Disneyland. This phenomenal new theme park introduces Disney to a broad new audience. ) In theory Disney should be capable of running the park by itself, but the power and influence of the Chinese government is so high that a joint venture seems to be the less risky option . Asia is a complicated market and it usually pays to not only have the government on your side, but to have it as a major investor. It also benefits the venture to have a local partner with deep knowledge of traditions and customs. Thus, from an institutional and cultural point of view the selection of a joint venture was justified. Internalization advantage For Disney, In-house production is more profitable than outsourcing, licensing, etc. The reasons are as follows: – Contractual imperfections induce Disney to exploit its ownership advantage internally rather than licensing its product/process to a third party. To capture coordinating

Aliens Essay -- essays research papers

For over a thousand years people have reported seeing strange objects flying in the sky. Today the unknown flying objects -UFOs continue to visit us, on a regular basis. A large amount of recorded historical events of this issue have taken place to give the subject of UFOs recognition. Recently, many individuals have claimed to witness or be part of fantastic stories that attract some while are turned away. Videotapes, photographs and pieces of physical evidence do support some of these stories. Even more frightening, small objects called implants have been found in the bodies of some people that have reported strange sightings or encounters with strange objects. Once one begins to put it all together, the history, stories, claims, and evidence that science is to studying, the truth has come clear. We are not alone aliens do exist! Different cultures throughout the world have historical events, in their histories that are very much similar to what we call a UFO today. The oldest recorded sighting belongs to Thutmose, Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt around 1500 (BC) â€Å"†¦A circle of fire coming in the sky†¦ It had no head the breath of its mouth had a foul odor. Its body was one rod (16.5ft[5m]) long and one rod wide. It had no voice.† (Brookesmith, 13). Days after this, the number of objects increased it was said that, â€Å"these things became more numerous in the sky than ever. They shone more in the sky than the brightness of the sun, and extended to the limits of the four supports of the heavens†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brookesmith, 13). What could shine in the sky more than the sun? These ancient events did occur thousands of years before today’s world of technology and modern aircraft. This supports the fact that these UFOs were that, Unknown Flying Objects. In the past they had to deal with th is any way they could, some cultures used religion and the Bible. There are certain passages in the Bible that could be translated as being sightings of UFOs. In Exodus Chapter 13, verses 21-22, â€Å"†¦the lord went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the way; and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light; to go by day and night.† (Brookesmith,13). This can be translated to the following as I translate it, it seems like these people were being led by a craft that lit up the night for them. This is a very convincing UFO description. Such an event at that time could only be inter... ... be ignored proves that highly educated people are taking this seriously. That strange has now been seen in the sky for a very long time. Intelligent, honorable people have seen UFO’s and reported them. High-ranking intelligence officers of the military’s first atomic bomb squadron have recovered and examined what they believed to be a flying saucer and parts of it. After shipping it to higher headquarters their general tells them it’s not a flying saucer or UFO. Of all objects it is reported to be what seems like anyone could have identified a weather balloon! People who have observed UFO’s and reported missing time afterwards only to find out later that they became unwittingly extraterrestrial specimens. Surgeons are removing mysterious iron alloy metal objects from these people’s bodies. Some of these objects moving away from the surgeon’s scalpel! Doctors have tested alleged UFO crash material and claimed that it â€Å"†¦should be considered extraterrestrial in origin.† Rancher’s cattle are b eing mutilated with laser like tools before lasers were commercially available. All these reports add up to one a very disturbing conclusion, which worries me and should do so to everyone else.

After-Sale Service of Online Marketing Essay

Recent years have witnessed the increasing demands of consumers, the high product quality cannot be the only element for satisfying consumers but the after-sale service gradually dominants the purchasing psychology. In general, the after-sales service is one of the critical success factors for enhancing the consumer satisfaction, which is acknowledged by Asugman,G.et al.(1997) to some extent. More specifically, the further study from Smith (1998) emphasizes that the purchase intentions of the consumers is strongly influenced by the customer satisfaction about the ancillary services. For the purpose of this essay, after-sale service is defined as a range of services that the enterprise or dealer provide to the consumer after the sales of product, which can include the product introduction, the delivery and installation as well as the maintenance, etc. (Baidu cyclopedia,2012). It is vital to examine this area in order to achieve the consumer satisfaction, what’s more to make a success of on-line marketing. The question that remains to be answered is whether the after-sales service is the major element for the success of on-line marketing, or whether the managers should make the after-sales service become the augmented auxiliary production. . This research paper will take into account both sides of the issue, and critically evaluating the main views and evidence offered. Arguments will firstly be discussed from the Internet market environmental perspective. Subsequently, the evaluation of the overall impact of after-sales service on the network marketing will be demonstrated. Finally, the conclusions along with recommendations made to internet managers will be explored. Nowadays, the marketplace has a dramatic change as Rajan Varadarajan and Manjit S. Yadav(2009) assert that the competitive landscape has changed from the predominantly physical marketplace to one encompassing the physical marketplace and electronic marketplace, namely the Internet market environment. Whereas opponents who consider the after-sales service is the less important factor of the on-line marketing success claim that people prefer to purchasing on-line should attribute to the cheap and high-quality goods in the online-shop. It is contended that the Internet environment can provide an opportunity for the customer to select whatever they want and most consumers prefer to buy products as quickly as possible, which is also the convenience of the on-line market.(Baidu library, no date) Furthermore, the advertisements on the Internet often act as the facilitator who can promote the consumer to boost their purchasing interests, which in turn increase the profit of the company. However, the supporters against that the increasing innovative products in the Internet are not the major part of successful on-line marketing but the after-sales service due to the virtual Internet environment. For instance, R.G. Bundschuh and T.M. Dezvane (2003) investigate that in some online companies, they can obtain higher profit generated by after-sales service than the one from the sales, the service market can be four or five times larger than the market for products. Moreover, the large volume of information in the Internet environment can greatly contribute to the quality of after-sales service. The Taobao online shop in China can be an appropriate example, it has a integral network of after-sales service with appropriate usage of the communicating software named Aliwangwang.(Baidu cyclopedia, no date) Consequently, the after-sales service in the online environment plays an incentive role in making success of on-line market. Another convincing statement insisted by those who disapprove the perspective that after-sales service is the main factor of on-line marketing success is that the impact of after-sales service sometimes put pressure to the sales procedure. Hartline and Ferrell(1996) claim that the after-sales service environment is a context in the interfaces between the internal and external which take place concurrently and shape the stress level that employees experience. Therefore, the effect of after-sales service to some extent will increase the pressure of the employee to devote themselves to their sales work, which in reverse could decrease the sales volume as well as the interests in the company. However, it has to be acknowledged that the after-sales service is conducted to the success of on-line market as a result of the positive impact on the company as well as the consumer. One of the contentions in favor of that assertion is that the customer satisfaction must be the primary goal of the organization for success and growth, then after-sales service is the bridge for the employee to contact with customers for obtaining the feedback and satisfaction (Pertson and Willson,1992) . What’s more, the customer-oriented on-line market has to satisfy their customers’ demands, thus the systematic after-sales management could act as an effective approach. Loveman (1998) maintain that the customer satisfaction has an intimate relation with the loyalty of the consumer and financial stability of the firm. Consequently, the employees will be stimulated by the high-evaluated feedback of customers to make more contribution to the company. That is to say, the high satisfaction can help the organization keep the existed customer and obtain much more new customers, which formulates a customer purchasing recycle. Hence, the impact of after-sales service in the online-market should be considered as the positive factor to the success and growth of the company. The current paper has explored the situation of the after-sales service and analyzed the significance and impact on the on-line marketing. Along with the argument that whether the after-sales service is the main factor for successful on-line marketing has been discussed. Therefore, through the contrast of the merits and negative influence of the after-sales service on the company or customers, we can draw the conclusion that the after-sales service indeed plays an indispensible role in the on-line market since it can enhance the business performance as well as expand the sales scale. Besides, it has to be admitted that the limitation of this paper was that it didn’t specifically demonstrate all factors related to after-sales service in the on-line marketing and the impact of the after-sales service aforementioned is the small part of the issue. Nevertheless, despite these limitations, the findings of this research paper have served to highlight the significance of after-sales service in the on-line market and point out the dual impact on the company or customers. From what discussed in this paper, it would be plausible to recommend the managers of the on-line market pay great attention on the influence and significance of after-sales service and make the most of information on the Internet to establish a integrated system of implementing the after-sales service for gaining returning customers as well as the revenue of company. Reference list Alexander, W. L., Dayal, S., Dempsey, J. J. & Vander-Ark, J. D. (2002). The secret life of factory service centers. Asugman,Gulden. Johnson,Jeanl and McCullough,James(1997)‘The role of After-sales Service in International Marketing’ï ¼Å'Journal of International Marketing vol.5 Issue 4.p11-28,18p.EBSCO host/Business Source Complete. Baidu cyclopedia â€Å"After-sales service† http://baike.baidu.com/view/300225.htm [Accessed 3rd October,2012] Baidu cyclopledia â€Å" Taobao Website ’’. Retrieved from http://baike.baidu.com/view/1590.htm [Accessed 12th october,2012] Baidu Library â€Å"The consumer on-line purchasing psychological analysis† Retrieved from http://wenku.baidu.com/view/e1c8f240336c1eb91a375db8.html [ Accessed 12th October,2012] Hartline, Micheal D. and O.C. Ferrell (1993)ï ¼Å'â€Å"Service Quality Implementation:The Effects of Organizational Socialization and Managerial Actions on Customer-Contact Employee Behaviors,† Report No. 93-122,Academy of Marketing Science.———-and———(1996),‘â€Å"The Management of Customer-Contact Service Employees,† Journal of Marketing, 60(4),52-70. Loveman, W. (1998).â€Å" Employee Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, and Financial Performance an Empirical † â€Å"Examination of the Service Profit Chain in Retail Banking†. Journal of service research, 1(1), 18-31 Pertson, R. & Willson, W. (1992). â€Å" Measuring Customer Satisfaction: Fact and Artifact †. Journal of academy of marketing science, 20(1), 61-71. Rajan Varadarajan&Manjit S. Yadavï ¼Å'(2009) â€Å" Marketing Strategy in an Internet-Enabled Environment: A Retrospective on the First Ten Years of JIM and a Prospective on the Next Ten Years † Journal of Interactive Marketing Volume 23, Issue 1, February 2009, Pages 11–22 Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094996808000030 [ACCESSED 12th October,2012] R.G. Bundschuh, T.M. Dezvane â€Å" How to make after sale services pay off † The McKinsey Quarterly, 4 (2003), pp. 116–127 Smith, Kirk (1998), â€Å"Service Aspects of Industrial Products Lead to Future Product Purchase Intentions,† Industrial Marketing Management, 27, 83-93.

Family Presence Article Critique

Family Presence Article Critique Inez Robbins Liberty University November 26, 2012 Abstract Family presence at the bedside during resuscitation is starting to become standard protocol in many emergency departments but research is limited in this area. The objective of the article reviewed is to explore the nurse’s perception of the benefit and/or harm to the family in a facility that has well established family presence protocols. The nurses’ perceptions of the effects on the family provide a positive influence on both the family members and the interdisciplinary team that is caring for the patient.The study confirmed long-term participation yields positive effects on the perception of family presence at the bedside during resuscitation in the emergency department. The nursing perception offers insight on the care and compassion towards the family in their critical time of need. Future nursing implications, future nursing research, and ethical implications are discussed , as there is a further need for education and research in these areas of professional nursing development. Key words: Family presence, resuscitation, nurse, perception.Family Presence Article Critique Review of Article A review of the Elinar Lowry, PhD, RN’s article â€Å"It’s Just What We Do†: A Qualitative Study of Emergency Nurses Working with Well-Established Family Presence Protocol published in the Journal of Emergency Nursing volume 38, number four in July of 2012 aims to describe the benefits and harm to patients family members who were present during patient resuscitation based on the perceptions of nurses whom work within a facility with an established family presence protocol.The article describes a study performed in which fourteen emergency room nurses’ perception of their experiences with family presence during resuscitation is documented. The facility in which all fourteen nurses were employed had a family presence protocol since 1992 (Low ry, 2012). There were pointed open-ended questions asked. These questions were meant to allow the nurses to elaborate on experiences that were both positive and negative. The results of the study found that nurses perceived there were benefits experienced by the family in several ways (Lowry, 2012).Some of these were: family was able to see the evolution of events or the patient’s progress during the resuscitation. The family was also able to confirm the effort used to save their loved one. Lastly, nurses confirmed that they felt the families appreciated that everything possible was done to save their family member. There was no perception of harm done to the family through observation of resuscitative measures (Lowry, 2012). Future Nursing Practice Implications of this study for future nursing practice suggest that long-term participation is directly related to acceptance of family presence by nursing.This information is encouraging for nurses whom wish to write and establis h family presence protocols within their facilities (Lowry, 2012). Care should be taken to identify and educate on tolerance of family member behaviors. Family presence protocols should also include limitations for the number of family members allowed at the bedside during resuscitative measures so that the staff members feel secure and comfortable with family presence practices (Lowry, 2012).Future Nursing Research Implications for future nursing research related to family presence should include family members who take part in family presence. All staff members should be surveyed to conclude the overall cultural belief on family presence (Lowry, 2012). Other potential topics for studies include: the right time to request the family’s presence, how to integrate new hire nurses into a potentially unfamiliar family presence protocol or practice (Lowry, 2012). Ethical IssuesAll of the nurses interviewed during this study held that family presence during resuscitation was the et hically right thing. Some of the nurses reported feelings of personal anguish at the family members grieving their loved ones. They also describe compassionate care to those family members (Lowry, 2012). References Lowry, E. (2012). â€Å"It’s just what we do†: A qualitative study of emergency nurses working with well-established family presence protocol. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 38(4). 329-334. doi:10. 106/j. jen. 2010. 12. 016

US Inventions Electronic Appliances and Transport

US Inventions Electronic Appliances and Transport Most of the electronic appliances and transport facilities that exist in the modern world originated from America. Although Britain colonized America, it remains the world superpower because of its ability to invent powerful war machineries such as rifles, bombs, war jets and other gadgets.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on US Inventions: Electronic Appliances and Transport Facilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The US is the home of famous ancient scientists who carried out inventions and discoveries especially in the scientific field. Since 1800 up to today, there are a number of discoveries/inventions especially in the medical field. Historically, though colonized, America was a rich nation that had funds and facilities for research for its scientists. Currently, all the modern appliances whether electronic or not are a modification of America’s inventions. In addition, most of music genres like jazz and pop first played in America. The paper therefore seeks to justify that since historical times America has invented various electronics, transport, medical and even entertainment facilities that have dramatically upgraded the lifestyle, health, and culture of all the people in the world. The US ancient inventions are in four major categories, the first category occurred earlier than 1890. The inventions before1890 took place during the Britain’s colonialism. Swim fins were the first inventions by Benjamin Franklin in 1717. Although made of wood, they assisted swimmers to attain speed during sporting or when diving in deep sea. Moreover, he invented the stove and cataloging in 1742 and 1744 respectively, to improve the lighting and mailing systems respectively. In 1731, Thomas Godfrey discovered the octant, which is an important tool in water navigation. One of Franklin’s medical discoveries was the urethral catheter that assists patients especially those with kidney failures to drain fluids. In collaboration with Charles James, Franklin invented harmonica, a glass musical instrument. In 1776, a swivel chair came into existence courtesy of Thomas Jefferson while in 1782 Jacob Yoder built a boat to enable him navigate the rivers in America. Additionally, due to his deteriorating vision, Franklin invented bifocals, which could enable him read through magnification of words. In the late 1700, there were more inventions, which included automatic flourmill (1787); Oliver Evans, Eli Whitney Thomas Jefferson respectively, invented cotton wheel (1793), and wheel cipher (1795). The cigarette invention also came up early (Kilborn 1983, 8). Due to existence of colonialists, some of the early inventors had to collaborate with their British counterparts and sometimes the accreditation could go to the Britons and not the Americans.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To curb fire breakouts, Frederick Graff senior invented a fire hydrant, which is an essential tool in firefighting. Through research and upgrading of the original fire hydrant, Birds Holly was able to come up with the current fire hydrant. Oliver Evans did not only invent the first vehicle (amphibious vehicle in 1805) but also invented the refrigeration, therefore, through his ability to compress the air; a modern fridge came into existence. To improve the kitchenware, Robert Thomson Rumford invented the coffee percolate, which he used to prepare coffee. On the other hand, Levi Spear Parmly, a dentist recommended the use of silk floss to clean teeth as away of keeping plague at bay. Through his invention, came the dental floss, which most dentists of the modern times recommend for their patients. To accelerate the number of his word works, Thomas Blanchard invented the profile lathe in 1816 while Simeon North invented a milling machine to assist him in sha ping his metals in 1818. There are many US inventions like the sewing machine, combine harvester, solar compass, graham cracker, detachable collars, threshing machine, the circuit breaker, and the ether for amnesia among others (Philbin 2003, 15). The list of inventions, which occurred before 1890, is endless. Nevertheless all the machinery and technology in the communication, media, music, transport, clothing and medical industries trace back in the first era of invention before 1890. The second category is between 1890 and 1945, which led to improvement of lifestyle and transport facilities. The major inventions by different people in 1890 were the traffic signs to assist in flow of traffic, tabulating machine, which helped in accounting and mathematics, the Babcock test to measure the content of fat in milk, the smock detector and the jack home. In 1891 the inventions included the Ferris wheel by Washington Gale, dow process by Herbert Henry, tesla coil by Nikola Tesla, pastry fo rk by Anna Mangin, zipper by whitcomb Judson, Schrader valve by August Schrader among others. The bottle cap, tractor and the dimmer were all invented in 1892 by William Painter, Granville woods and John Froelich respectively. Silicon carbide, laxative and radio came into existence in 1893 while clip less pedal, volleyball and cyclocomputer inventions occurred in 1895. Therefore, as the years went by the US scientists invented more machineries, which were an improvement of the previous inventions. Airplane, air conditioners, cars, sporting activities, and other electronic devices were the major inventions in the second phase.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on US Inventions: Electronic Appliances and Transport Facilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, the inventions progressively improved the lifestyle of the American people and other people in the world. Additionally, pop, rock and jazz music originated from the US. Fortunately, the inventions of recorders, compact disks, and radio led to the spread of the music in other parts of the world. Unfortunately, the emergence of World War II between 1939 and 1945 slowed down the rate of invention in the United States. The third category is between 1946 and 1991, which saw to the advancement of technology not only in the US but also in the whole world. Planes flying at supersonic speed, diapers, computers, defibrillator, cancer chemotherapy, and video games were among the inventions during the third era. Due to advanced technology, the communication, security, and survival rate especially in children improved. Scientists particularly in the medical field collaborated to cure or put under control diseases like cancer. The final category, which is between 1991 and 2009, has led to the invention of advanced medical tools and facilities in communication and medical industry. The vaccines of diseases like Hepatitis and measles among others came into existence. Furthermore, inventions of laptops, flash disks, advanced medical surgery, or transplantations applied and internet services took place (Hafner 2005, 2). Additionally, the medical scientists established surgery machines and artificial transplant organs like the kidney and the heart. Therefore, the health of people in the current world relies on the American inventions since ancient times to date. The impact of the US inventions is highly profound in the contemporary world. Most of the inventions in one way or another relied on each other, which accelerated more inventions. For instance, the discovery of electricity led to the discovery of electric bulbs, electric trains, cookers, kettles among others. Therefore, the US scientists relied on the intelligence of one another to come up with a new discovery. The scientist involved in the inventions whether ancient or current not only became famous but also received honor from their leaders. For instance, Dr. B enjamin Franklin is one of the early scientists who modified the medical industry through his creative inventions. Franklin received a number of awards from the president for most of his inventions. Although he died long time ago, his name still exists in the world books as an important figure in the medical industry. The major reason why US has the highest number of inventions is its ability to honor and fund scientists. Currently, the whole world largely depends on the US inventions. The medical, clothes, food, communication, and transport industries depend on the US inventions. Although most of the inventions have undergone modification by scientists from different parts of the world other than US, the idea or inventory traces its roots from the US.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In summary, nearly all inventions are from US while Benjamin Franklin is one of the major inventors in the world. All the industrial and technological machinery or ideas originated from the US. Though colonized by the Britain, America is the top world inventor because it posses nearly all the major inventors in the world. The world perceives all the inventors as celebrities and most of them have received honor and presidential awards. The reason why America is successful in inventions is the ability of government to provide research funds to the scientists. All the machinery in the medical, transport and other industries primarily originated from the US. The only major challenge during the invention was the breakout of the Second World War that decelerated the rate of inventions. Nevertheless, after the war the US inventors did tremendously in their inventions. Reference List Hafner, Katie. 2005. Laurels for Giving the Internet Its Language. The New York  Times (February): 2. Kilb orn, Peter. 1983. The Twilight of smokestack America. New York Times (May): 8. Philbin, Tom. 2003. The 100 Greatest Inventions of All Time. New York: Kensington Publishing Corporation.

Marketing Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Techniques - Essay Example This brings to light the aspect of understanding the potential which the 15-inch LCD TV systems have within them and the manner in which the same could be exploited upon by the company rests on the shoulders of the advertising programs, sponsorship packages and rigorous sales promotions – both above the line and below the line activities could be used over a period of time. Price cuts for the 15-inch LCD TV system would not be a fair ploy since reduction in prices usually mean an inferior product produced on the part of the company which is simply not the case. Thus the best aspect of advertising programs would be to manifest that the 15-inch LCD TV system is indeed a viable option for young ones and the office places. This would immediately trigger positive sale as well as corrective word of mouth within the relevant circles. More than anything else, it will facilitate the 15-inch LCD TV system in making a mark for its own self in a short period of time. Since 70% of the potential customers opt for the 17-inch LCD TV system, it would be feasible if the 15-inch LCD TV system goes for a different segment altogether and tries its best to get in touch with them through tailored advertising messages which play a creative trick during the whole activity. It could look to entice its relevant target market with the purchase of the 15-inch LCD TV system in order to satisfy its need as well as the completion of ego or self-esteem issue. A 15-inch LCD TV system would surely live up to their expectations and indeed would look to outdo the rivals, both direct and indirect in the long run. Thus it is advisable for the managers to adopt the manner in which launch of better planned and sound advertising programs is in place – one which aims to pinpoint the campaigns in a narrow-casting fashion, aiming to find the exact audience for its purchase and then hammering the

What Are the Attributes of a Good Supervisor Research Paper

What Are the Attributes of a Good Supervisor - Research Paper Example A good supervisor should be discreet, impartial, and hardworking; for he is in charge of several employees. Employees develop conflicts of interest and it is the jurisdiction of a supervisor to ensure that all the employees work as a team. On condition that a supervisor is self-driven and treats his employees well and without partiality; then it means that they will eventually work hard and exploit their potential fully. This is a positive attitude towards the success of an organization. For instance, promotion should be awarded to the hardworking employees but not to relatives or corrupt officials. Not all supervisors are good, some have developed undesirable habits in the process of running their organizations where they don’t observe equality and they further appoint their employees using the cache system. Here, merit to the position under concern is not considered but a person is employed on a kinship basis. Others are corrupt and receive bribes so as execute some of their duties which are supposed to be their responsibility. First, a good supervisor should possess’ excellent organizational skills for he is the person who is responsible for organizing business meetings with several other companies, so he is required to give his secretary instructions on when and where the meeting should be held. In case that an employee is sacked or is not feeling well, then the supervisor has to oversee that a replacement is done before it is too late. It is very important that a supervisor associates with his employees according to the expected norms. He further has the responsibility to ensure that he hires the right person who is competent and well experienced and can sufficiently execute the work as expected. Additionally, a good boss should be very free with his junior’s as good communication facilitates efficiency and effectiveness.  Ã‚